By James Ince ©1990-1995
The 51-year-old conception of the
"Universal-Motor-Geraet" (the German translates to: universal motor-implement),
or "UNIMOG" for short, is still dynamic and even more applicable today than at
its inception. Over 300,000 units have been built to date and are still rolling
off the Gaggenau, West Germany assembly lines today at a rate of circa 40 units
per day.
The history of the UNIMOG begins in 1945.
Germany was in rubble, and out of the ruins, according to the Morganthau Plan,
an agrarian state was to be constructed. The future of industry seemed gloomy,
due to manufacturing restrictions imposed upon defeated Germany, except where
industry could serve agriculture. An idea of Albert Friedrich, director of
aviation motor development of Daimler-Benz AG, was the starting point. One would
need to construct an implement carrier, he thought to himself, that is in all
respects superior to traditional tractors and prime movers, and which could push
open the door to a consequent simplification of farm work. What happened then
can best be estimated by someone who remembers the first years after the war,
with the problems of cultivation and paralyzed supply channels.
In November of 1947, in the offices of the
firm of Erhard & Sons, a gold and silverware factory of Schwaebisch Gmuend, in
the newly formed Western Germany, the first construction drawings were made.
Only 11 months later, the first UNIMOG was standing on it's wheels ready to be
tested. What it was already demonstrating in its initial stage was so infinitely
superior to the then customary farm "Bull-Dogs" that there was no further
question: the UNIMOG was to go directly to series production.
But where? Daimler-Benz, the company that was
to deliver the motor, was not allowed - according to the provisions of the
occupational forces - to build 4-wheel-drive vehicles. But there was on the list
of non-agrarian factories to be dismantled, the Swabian tool machine
manufacturer, Boehringer Bros., which was desperately looking for a product to
manufacture that would be essential to peace, and thus permissible. The company
took advantage of the chance. The UNIMOG team moved to Goeppingen and, in August
of 1948, the revolutionary tractor-cum-implement carrier was presented to the
public for the first time at the Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Gesellschaft
exhibition in Frankfurt (German Agricultural Association). 1949 saw the first
production deliveries. As Boehringer - after 600 UNIMOGs - was permitted to
return to it's former occupation, Daimler-Benz entered the scene. In 1950, the
engineering and manufacturing firm that "put Stuttgart on the map" took over the
whole UNIMOG complex and settled it in it's Heavy Truck Works, then based in
Gaggenau, now an hour's drive southwest of Stuttgart. And there, in the idyllic
Murg Valley, on the Rhine-facing edge of the Black Forest, and close to the
beautiful wine region town of Baden-Baden, it stands to this day.
What was it that made the UNIMOG, at the end
of the 1940s, so uncommon and futuristic? In those times, agricultural prime
movers were, above all, needed to replace the draft animal. But the fathers of
the UNIMOG thought still further. In addition to the extreme off-road
"goes-where-a-horse-goes" abilities, there had to be the possibility for an
enhancement of actual agricultural procedures, such as the attachment and
powering of multiple implements. A particular challenge was the turnip harvest -
since time immemorial the nastiest of toil that farm living could dish up. Here
the UNIMOG, powering a specially developed machine for the complete turnip
harvest, could permanently do away with the customary crowds of bent backs in
the fields. The fact that just a few persons could handle the root crop harvest
was incomprehensible in those days. But in the UNIMOG concept, one-man operation
was only one of many satisfied demands. True tractor (locking) 4-wheel-drive, a
real cab with proper seats and the capacity for road speeds also belong to the
many inherent engineering wonders and advantages that still characterize the
UNIMOG today. The fact that implements can be attached at the front, rear,
center, side, top and bottom, and the fact that with a single UNIMOG, seed-corn,
fertilizer, or crop spray can be first transported to, and immediately applied
at sites, makes the UNIMOG especially flexible, and therefore a boon to
agricultural operations. Farmers indeed usually had to double as produce
forwarders.
But of course had the UNIMOG only been a
concept for agriculture, the over-300,000 units would hardly have been built to
date. Early in the post-war era, its career in other areas started. When it
proved itself in dam construction in Switzerland under the toughest of
conditions, the first leap into international markets was taken. At about the
same time, the military career of the Gaggenau horse-of-all-trades began. In
1950-51 the French army ordered 400 UNIMOGs of the (then) only version, the
"2010" with 25 hp(DIN). In 1955 followed the longer UNIMOG-S 404, a
60-mile-per-hour 1.5-ton transporter mainly in troop carrier, radio
communications, ambulance, pioneer, fire fighting, and snow removal
configurations with an 82 hp (DIN) gasoline motor. It was acquired by many
armies around the world for off-road/on-road use, which alone brought production
up to 60,000 UNIMOG vehicles overall. Its versatility, its indispensability in
many applications, and the fact that it is being exported to over 160 countries
worldwide, have in the meantime firmly established the UNIMOG as a commercial
product, the marketability of which is dependable, even in adverse market
conditions. To be sure, the only damper on sales abroad has been the relative
strength of the German Mark on currency exchange rates, an ironic effect of the
German "economic miracle".
Currently, the choice of UNIMOGs has
proliferated to some 25 sales types with dozens of variations ranging from 52 to
214 hp (DIN). In 1971, to better serve the highly specialized needs of
agriculture and forestry, the UNIMOG got a slow moving, but adaptable and
powerful, brother: the MB-Trac, designed with centrally-positioned cab. In the
meantime, there are larger and more powerful versions of the Trac available,
with a cab that can be rotated - including the steering wheel and controls - for
working in reverse gears. Presently, Trac technology and production goes under
the banner of "IN-Trac", a joint venture between Mercedes-Benz and Deutz, at the
Gaggenau Plant. It is indeed regrettable that so few of these state-of-the-art
Mercedes tractors have crossed the big water to the farms and forests of
America. Our consequent losses include lower production capacities as well as
more harmful impacts to fragile farm and forest environments.
The fact that the UNIMOG is so versatile is
thanks mainly to a vigorous implement industry. This sector realized its chance
early, and in close cooperation with Daimler-Benz AG developed dozens of
attachments for the UNIMOG, the first implement carrier in automotive history.
The best representative example is Alfred Schmidt GmbH in St. Blasien in the
Black Forest, which quickly became the world's largest manufacturer of snow
cutters. Every second snow cutter in the world is based on an UNIMOG! For
example, in Japan alone there are over 200 units, and 60 in Morroco, where they
are used to clear the passes in the Atlas Mountains. In German wheat fields and
sugar beet beds, the work horse from Gaggenau can be found in all cultivation
and harvest phases just as readily as in the cotton, sugar cane, and bamboo
harvests on distant continents. In heavy and dangerous forestry work in Europe,
it (and now the MB-Trac), has become almost synonymous with cost-effective
harvesting and moving logs. It can just as comfortably crawl at 50 meters per
hour at full working rpm and pulling power (so slow that its movement is barely
perceptible), or pull a loaded trailer at 50 mph (some types have a maximum
speed of 66 mph). With front-end loader and backhoe, it can work in tight
construction sites and when finished it can - on its own power - quickly drive
to the next job site. With auxiliary compressor it can power pneumatic tools.
With hydraulics, the list is nearly endless. With a trencher it digs to a depth
of 6 and a half feet and refills the trench with a front power-take-off-driven
back-filling auger, completely operated by one person. In road construction, for
example, it can carry one compacter each at the front and rear, plus plenty of
the necessary water on-board. At factories, it serves as the prime mover, fire
pumper truck, crane, forklift, sweeper, and snow removal tool. Communities (over
12,500 municipalities in Europe alone) buy it for winter service, fire
protection, search and rescue, disaster relief, road construction, underground
cable-laying by both trench and plough-in methods, lawn and field mowing, waste
removal, sewer and street cleaning, tree transplanting, utilities boom truck and
mast erection, even grave digging, and more. And thanks to 2-way street-to-rail
adaptation systems, thousands of UNIMOGS can even crawl onto the tracks and
hydraulically lower chassis-mounted guide mechanisms for the purpose of shunting
rail cars or for simply getting to the scene of railroad or other emergencies by
the most direct rail route. With it's steel-gripping rubber tires,
all-wheel-drive, and ample power through gearing options, it has the ability to
pull up to 600 tons, as much as a locomotive that is 4 times as heavy and twice
as expensive!
In dozens of applications, this best friend of
man has taken on more heavy work (and displaced more disagreeable manual labor)
than any other piece of equipment to come along before or after it's star (no
pun intended) rose on the horizon! With all of this, one almost forgets that The
UNIMOG is also an outstanding cross-country vehicle - and one that can even
compete with tracked vehicles, effortlessly climbing and descending 100% (45
degree) inclines - straddled with a payload of tons! Owing to differential locks
on both axles, trenches, curbs, steps, ditches, slopes strewn with boulders,
rivers nearly as deep as the driver's nose and flowing at over 3 feet per
second, discourage the "Mighty MOG" just as little as muddy hillsides or high
embankments over which it deftly claws and climbs with a wide variety of tire
options. With the UNIMOG equally at home in snow, in the desert, on the tundra,
and in rivers and mountains, who wonders that it is also a highly-regarded
expedition vehicle the world over. For example, the first Sahara crossing in the
grueling West-East direction belongs to the long list of UNIMOG successes. The
First-Place Prize in the renowned Paris-To-Dakar (Africa) overland race is in
that list as well! Probably no day goes by in which adventurers somewhere are
not scouting Germany, or North America (or Tanzania!) for an UNIMOG to outfit
for some overland odyssey.
Indeed, worldwide UNIMOG sales are steadily
rising and one will no doubt encounter them more and more often, and in more and
more demanding applications. What we see with the evolution of the UNIMOG
Technical Concept is quite simply an example of excellence in engineering and a
model for standards of consistency in superior on-road/off-road technologies.
In the United States and Canada, the UNIMOG
has been used in multiple applications since the early '50s. These include
UNIMOGs outfitted for mining in Alaska where some 200 UNIMOG S-404s were put
into service in the early 50s. In Canada, hundreds of 2010/401s were imported in
the 50s, and today the military, the Canadian National Railway and other service
entities, as well as rail companies in the U.S., such as Union Pacific and
others, operate the UNIMOG in their rail yards. The Lake Placid (New York)
Winter Olympic organizers were prepared for the worst with a fleet of Alfred
Schmidt-outfitted snow-removal UNIMOGs, and many state highway departments,
counties, municipalities, federal and state land management agencies, logging
companies, fire departments, construction firms, geo-physical research, oil
exploration and mining companies, to name but a few, employ the
ultimately-capable "Gaggenauer" to handle both day-to-day jobs as well as
worst-case scenarios.
Initially, Mercedes-Benz of North America
handled the UNIMOG in the U.S., and then in 1976 negotiated with the J.I. Case
Co. of Racine, Wisconsin to handle distribution and marketing of the U-900. Case
outfitted these specially-imported UNIMOGs with their own implements, such as
back-hoes, trenchers, cable plows, forklifts and 3-point hitches, and designed a
custom bed/subframe with optional Roll-Over-Protection-System as well as putting
together packages utilizing such implements as U.S.-made cable winches made
especially for the UNIMOG, wildfire pumpers, front-end loaders, back-fill
blades, snow plows and cutters manufactured by Alfred Schmidt GmbH (U.S.
division known as Schmidt Engineering and Equipment Co., Inc., based in New
Berlin, Wisconsin). Then, in 1981, Mercedes-Benz of North America again took
over all aspects of the UNIMOG equation, attempting to accommodate UNIMOG sales
and service in their Commercial Vehicle Division. Probably wishing to focus on
the more voluminous and thus vastly more profitable passenger car market, and
realizing technical difficulties in the accommodation efforts, MBNA in March of
1985 passed the baton to Schmidt Engineering and Equipment Company, which,
together with it's dealer network, has been the only authorized distributor and
service entity in both Canada and the U.S. up until the 1st of January, 1991,
when MBNA again took over the UNIMOG's North American stellar navigation with
it's Industrial Engines Division at the helm. As of 1995, plans are in the works
to shift responsibility for UNIMOG sales, service and parts, to UNIWOLF
Specialized Vehicles. UNIWOLF is developing automatic transmission and
Cummins diesel engine versions of the UNIMOG. On the horizon are hopes for
marketing the new "FUNMOG" and off-road motor home configurations.
The UNIMOG is a very welcome addition to the
American work scene. Let's hope that it will take it's rightful place in an
array of industrial, commercial, and recreational applications, for the sake of
the shortest distance between two points, for the sake of easier and simplified
tasks, and for the sake of innovative engineering for both work and play!
This article is in part authored by James Ince, in part
drawn from Mercedes-Benz archival documents and in part from an article, "UNIMOG,
Des Menschen Bester Freund", appearing in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
(Newspaper), 05 March 1975, and translated, updated, and edited by James Ince
©1990-1995, All Rights Reserved. Revised March 1995.